Claudine Ly

International OrganizationAfter the inception of the United Nations, the world viewed the United Nations as the impetus of a new global order. Nations states succumbed to peaceful concessions rather than having allowed interstate problems to culminate into a third world war. The United Nations was different from the League of Nations in that it reintegrated WWII victors as well as losers and formed them into a coalition that worked towards global peace and security.However, as decolonization began to manifest in the 1960’s, the increase in the number of sovereign states expanded membership in the United Nations.  Ã‚   As the numbers of member nations grew, the United Nations reflected more diversified interests.   The major shift in interests was notably observed in one of the principal organs of the United Nations, the General Assembly.   It granted all member nations the right to one equal vote and resolutions could be passed with a two-thirds majority.   With this i n mind, the United Nations widened its scope to reflect the interests of smaller nation states such as in the areas of economic development and health.However, small state ambitions have coincided with the interests of the great power states.   For example, countries such as Rwanda or Burkina Faso would have preferred to form U.N. initiatives to aid their countries’ sustainable development rather than having spent the U.N. budget to support the U.S. aim to counter the war on terrorism.   In addition, because of this growing disparity between national interests, the United Nations has not been able to adhere to its proposed principles. In recent years, one has observed one of the greatest human rights violators, Libya, elected to chair the Human Rights Commission.   Another deplorable undertaking was Syria, a global supporter of terrorism, elected to Security Council.Today, the image of UN has suffered greatly due to repeated scandals that left the image of a corrupted a nd dysfunctional organization, incapable of performing its attributions in the new world order.UN is facing a new world order to which it must adapt in order to maintain its position and its role on the international arena. Recent years’ crisis have found UN incapable of having a firm and prompt reaction and somehow stuck in the attitudes adopted in its beginnings. UN seems unable to rise to the expectations and unable to assume a leading role in world politics. Instead of having the means to impose its position in the world, UN is faced recently with on of its worst periods, when its position on different subjects has no importance or influence.The distribution of power in today’s international order is inclining more and more towards the West, especially towards the only world power remaining – the US. The relations between UN and US are more and more deteriorated due to the differences in opinion over the war in Iraq and this inconsistency in the relation wit h US had a great cost on UN. However, UN is still seen by Washington as having an important role in the international arena on both security and humanitarian levels.This is why the US is trying to find out solutions for a reform of UN by trying to involve the organization in the ongoing crisis in the world. The challenge is therefore even greater with UN having to face a new leadership starting in 2007, and having to face the nuclear crisis in Iran and North Korea. Perhaps the only reason why UN is still supported by US is that it is still seen as â€Å"a valuable forum and tool for advancing U.S. interests on the international stage† (Gardiner, 2007). Despite the shown support for UN reform, there is little trust in US that it might succeed.UN, although seen as a strong organization that regulates upon the world order, no longer has the power to enforce its sanctions and dictate in crisis. It is very unlikely that UN will be able to impose its sanctions on Iran or North Kore a in what regards the nuclear crisis, so the role of the organization is becoming more and more insignificant. This is why the gap between the capabilities of UN and its position is getting wider.The most important role of UN has been played in the past decades in humanitarian actions, as the involvement of UN in third world crisis has gained a very valuable reputation. In contemporary humanitarian crisis UN seems unable to perform its role and intervene in such a serious matter as the genocide in Sudan. Due to this incapability, the role of UN is more and more contested at the international level, as the UN proves to be as incapable of dealing with humanitarian crisis as it was with Rwanda and Bosnia. This is why there is a need for reform in the UN Human Rights Council (Gardiner, 2007).  The challenge that lies ahead of UN through the nuclear crisis in Iran and North Korea is going to define the future of the organization and its role in the international arena. This is why it i s so important for UN to regain its position and influence. But in order to do so, UN must go through institutional and managerial reforms that will reinforce the organization’s role in world politics.In the actual shift in power in the international arena, UN’s decisions seem unlikely to have much influence on particular actors. Countries such as Iran or North Korea are very unlikely to be affected too much by the sanctions imposed by UN as the power of the organization is rapidly decreasing.There is an increasing opinion that UN is an illegitimate organization, incapable of facing the current international order and no longer able to impose its position in the international arena. This situation was caused by several scandals and crisis that the organization faced in the past twelve years (Gardiner, 2007). UN’s poor interfere in Rwanda, Bosnia, or Sudan, as well as cases of corruption exposed inside the UN have affected the image of the organization greatly, m aking it unable to stand up for its cause in international crisis. If UN is no longer respected and seen as the moral protector of human rights and of peace, then it cannot perform its role. As UN proved unable or unwilling to stand up for its humanitarian believes in genocides or against dictatorship, its influence and its role decreased considerably.UN’s actions have been intensively critiqued and its credibility suffered greatly after 2005, when UNESCO gave the Josà © Martà ­ International Prize to Venezuelan president Hugo Chà ¡vez, awarding the Latin American leader for his â€Å"struggle for liberty† (Gardiner, 2007). This award was clearly against the position held by the world powers and it stands as a proof of the gap created between the formal rules of UN and the international powers.Perhaps the only way in which the UN can save its credibility and perform the role it was created for is by not expanding the membership in the Security Council. In the new in ternational military context, the role of UN can be significant and by paying its cards right the organization has a chance of regaining its influential role.In order for UN to continue its work and re-impose itself it must adapt to the new world order – it must follow the leadership of US and Western forces. By increasing the number of members in the Security Council, UN would be forced to take stands against the US as the vote will likely be against US on key issues. An enlarged Security Council would be against the US, which would widen the gap between UN and world leadership (Gardiner, 2007).One of the reasons for UN’s inability to respond promptly and efficiently to world crisis such as the war in Iraq is that its operational system is far too slow and ineffective. The members of the Security Council have far too different views in order to reach an efficient agreement in time. This institutional framework of the UN proves to be inefficient in today’s chang ing world order. UN’s ability to respond in crisis will only decrease in a larger Security Council, since it already faces serious difficulty.If UN wants to reinforce its position in the international arena, it must face some very much needed reforms that are intended to shape up the organization and make it reinstate a leading role. But such reforms are very unlikely to be achieved as the influence of opposing members is quite considerable.A significant number of member states, especially those leading the G-77 group of developing countries view the reform of UN as threatening to their influence in the organization and therefore they use all their power to prevent the reform of UN. Particularly this kind of influence that some member states have upon the UN decision making process is the kind of influence that is widening the gap between the actual world powers and UN (Schaefer, 2006).In order for UN to actively participate in international relations, it must reform its inst itutional framework. But in order for UN to reform, it must have the vote of several countries that are against reformation and strengthening the role of the West. This vicious circle is the one that is stopping UN from evolving and adapting.The influence of today’s great powers in the UN decision making process is low and this is one of the reasons why UN is losing its legitimacy. Instead of being an important actor in security matters, the institutional framework of UN makes it impossible for the organization to reach a consensus in an effective time framework, leading the organization not interfering or not taking a strong enough position in important issues.Today’s international actors seem to ignore the UN and seem to take decisions disregarding the position of UN particularly because the influence of UN has decreased severely in the past decade or so. More and more voices see the UN as a future failure that will follow its predecessor, the League of Nations.In re cent years, the role of UN is more and more challenged and its decisions have less and less impact in the international arena. Designed to promote peace and worldwide security, the UN proves to be a failure 62 years later due to its incapability to evolve and develop in time. UN’s incapability to adapt to the new world order and its inability to promote its goals makes the organization seem dysfunctional and illegitimate. The major change that is needed for the future of UN lays in its ability to face the challenges of today and to aggressively take action in the matters concerning today’s threats.Bibliography:1.Gardiner, Nile, The Decline and Fall of the United Nations: Why the U.N. Has Failed and How It Can Be Reformed, February 7, 2007, available at http://www.heritage.org/Research/InternationalOrganizations/hl991.cfm;

A Capacity Theory of Comprehension Individual Differences...

Psychological Review 1992, Vol. 99, No. 1,122-149 Copyright 1992 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0033-295X/92/J3.00 A Capacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in Working Memory Marcel Adam Just and Patricia A. Carpenter Carnegie Mellon University A theory of the way working memory capacity constrains comprehension is proposed. The theory proposes that both processing and storage are mediated by activation and that the total amount of activation available in working memory varies among individuals. Individual differences in working memory capacity for language can account for qualitative and quantitative differences among college-age adults in several aspects of language comprehension. One aspect is†¦show more content†¦A related function attributed to short-term memory is its role as a stepping stone on the path to long-term memory, while information is being memorized through rehearsal or elaboration. Thus, working memory has long been implicated in both short-term and long-term storage. A somewhat more modern view of working memory takes into account not just the storage of items for later retrieval, but also the storage of partial results in complex sequential computations, such as language comprehension. The stor age requirements at the lexical level during comprehension are intuitively obvious. A listener or comprehender must be able to quickly retrieve some representation of earlier words and phrases in a sentence to relate them to later words and phrases. But storage demands also occur at several other levels of processing. The comprehender must also store the theme of the text, the representation of the situation to which it refers, the major propositions from preceding sentences, and a running, multilevel representation of the sentence that is currently being read (Kintsch vanDijk, 1978; vanDijk Kintsch, 1983). Thus, language comprehension is an excellent example of a task that demands extensive storage of partial and final products in the service of complex information processing. Most recent conceptions of working memory extend its function beyond storage to encompass the actual computations 122 CAPACITYShow MoreRelatedThe Topic Of Specific Language Impairment1572 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder further fuels the controversy and frustration of speech language pathologists around the world. To determine ones opinion regarding SLI’s in individuals, whose primary language is sign language, the basics of this disorder must first be addressed. 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Short-term memory is extremely important in interpretation. This paper analyzes different kinds of memory and their application for the interpreter’s training. This paper presentsRead MoreWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer2205 Words   |  9 PagesWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer Working memory is the ability one has to manipulate and maintain information mentally, while ignoring other irrelevant distractions and interference in the brain. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of interest in this field. Research in this area is in fact, still a currently active and quickly developing area. Working memory is so essential in every person’s everyday life that one would not be able to function and perform their

The And Seattle City Population, Social Statue, Economic...

Laurelhurst and Seattle city as whole has similarity and contraction in several categories: population, social statue, economic and housing characteristic. Even though they are under same city and state, because of physical location, social characteristic and location of central roll department in our society. However, the percentage of population presents an obvious evidence to indicate the characteristic of this track and city. 27% of young population between 0-19yr has been resident in this area, compared to the whole population in Seattle city shown only 18.2% of whole population living in Seattle city. In other word, relatively there are high density of population of young generation is being resident in Laurelhurst area. So that†¦show more content†¦Also, the percentage of marital status indicates that 59.2% male and 59.6% women in Laurelhurst, but only 40.8% male and 39.5% females in Seattle city. This shows another evidence of residential area. But, if seeing the edu cational attainment, 42.5% of graduate or professional degree in Laurelhurst shows higher percentage than 23% in Seattle city. This characteristic directly related to Economic characteristic, especially graduated and professional degree well-known as the guarantee occupation in high wage and salary, occupation and gross income shows the characteristic of this tract of city. one of difference in occupation is in service occupation; 9.6% in Laurelhurst shows lower percentage than 15.6% in Seattle city. In other word, Laurelhurst city doesn t demand this occupation, or server doesn t live around this area. However, 68% population in management, business, science and arts occupations indicates higher percentage than Seattle, which was 55.3%. But there is similarity in sales and office occupations , natural resources, construction and maintenance occupation: 19.5% and 19.8%. However, there is zero in production, transportation occupation rate in Laurelhurst. So these evidences constructs the idea that this area is residential area for high gross income group of people. There four occupations are different; one is a construction, 0.6% of population in Laurelhurst, but 3.2% in Seattle city and one other is a transportation and

Interpreting Dreams Essay - 2040 Words

Most of us have experienced a dream, be it a nightmare or a pleasant walk in a forest. It was frequently believed that dreams encompass a coded message that might be expressing our hidden wishes, things that happened in the past or even predict the future. In the past, there have been many attempts to unravel the secret hidden behind the dreams and so far the world came up with three main theories of interpreting the dreams (Freudian, Jungian and Cognitive)(Wade, Travis 1998). In this essay I will attempt to analyze my dream by using each of the theories mentioned above, then compare the outcomes as well as their possible connections to my life and in the end determine, which one of these theories is the most accurate and thus as a laic†¦show more content†¦However, Sigmund Freud used as well the technique of the free association in order to determine the real meaning of the dream, because sometimes it was not possible to do so by applying the dream work functions (condensat ion, composite, displacement, representation) only (Freud 1900). To be more specific about the process of analyzing any dream, Freud thought that only those objects and symbols are of significant importance that we forget as soon as few days pass by and our unconscious â€Å"censor† has enough time to erase them from our memory (Freud 1900). When I have compared the two versions of my dream (the one that I put down immediately after waking up and the other one that was written after four days) I found out that the following things and objects were omitted: †¢ People that were in the boat with me †¢ Deer around the arbor †¢ Six bullets (that I have shot the pig with) The fact, that these objects were omitted signified a fact that they are (from Freudian point of view) of significant importance. People that were in the boat with me were the ones I like and ask for an advice or help. The fact that they were in the boat with me could mean that I need them or perhaps that I will need them sometimes in the future. However, we can explain it also in another way. Perhaps they are just slowing my boat down and therefore I cannot go towardsShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Dreams1259 Words   |  6 PagesFreud was instrumental in developing many theories. 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Intro Paragraph: â€Å"Dream interpretation is a process of assigning meaning to dreams.† In ancient Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention whose messages that could be reveled by people with certain powers. Sigmund Freud came up with two techniques to get information on his patients â€Å"unconscious minds.† One of Freud’s techniques that he came up with was interpreting dreams. Dream interpretations have formed a large part of Freud’sRead MoreInformative Speech About Dreams1186 Words   |  5 PagesI. Do you remember what your last dream was about? What do you think it meant? How relevant was it to your personal life? These are the questions I ask myself when I wake up from a strange dream with particular people and situations in them. II. My probing questions of do my dreams serve a purpose in my personal life? Are my dreams signs of things I should do differently in my daily life? have led me to explore the functions of dreams. III. While researching this topic, I have discovered thatRead MoreThe Is The Missing Link !1226 Words   |  5 Pagesmissing link! My ability is in dream Interpretation. I would love to get to know you here is a little about my dream interpretation skills. I am including the who, where,how and why.Dream meanings are as personal as our personalities and give valuable glimpses into our inner lives. Most often, dreams are close-up snapshots of a recent situation. Sometimes, a dream portrays a long-lost memory, possibly unearthing some unfinished business from the past. Remember that dreams often have a much deeper (andRead MoreDreaming from Various Sources1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe usefulness of dreams. This paper will also take time to explain what a dream is, when dreams happen, and what their potential purposes may be. To start this paper, we first must understand what a dream is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a dream is a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep. Dreams take the things we see during our waking hours and translate them into unique, sometimes horrifying, and possibly meaningful ways. Dreams could also be representationsRead MoreDreams And Dreams Are Important Or Meaningless Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesDreams have been around since the beginning of time. There is often controversy over whether or not dreams are important or meaningless. Although many people believe that dreams are pointless and have no meanings to them, research and experimentation show that there can be many different interpretations of dreams. Dreams are â€Å"hallucinations of the sleeping mind† (Loftus Ketcham). Dreams can be very vivid, loud, and even emotional. This is why it is easy to confuse them with reality. Dreams areRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Critical Analysis1479 Words   |  6 Pagessees them not only while he is awake, but also in his slumber. Bromden alerts the reader of a dream that he had, in which a death of a patient occurs, the dream becomes a reality later on when the same patient is found dead. The hallucinations and dreams can help to better understand Chief Bromden’s character from looking at Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams†. By looking at the content of one’s dreams it can be a good indication of an individual s mental stability. Bromden’s thoughts and motivationsRead MoreSantiago: A Hero in the Novel The Alchemist by Paulo Cohelo Essay833 Words   |  4 Pageshero. From a short stories to really long novels, you will have some type of hero. In the novel The Alchemist, the main character Santiago is a hero. The book is about how everyone should live their dreams and never give up on them. It follows a young man named Santiago who is following his own dream, or his own â€Å"Personal Legend†. It follows him and his struggles to achieve said Personal Legend. Santiago is a hero because he is wise, kind, and brave; He is also a hero because he displays characteristics

Dell computer free essay sample

Dell Computers was founded by Michael Dell in 1984 and has its corporate headquarters in Round Rock, Texas. Michael Dell’s winning idea was to sell computer systems directly to customers, allowing him and his company to understand customer needs well and therefore to provide the customer with the most appropriate computing solutions. Dell still practices the direct business model, saving time and cost by bypassing retailers and passing on the cost savings to the customer. Dell takes pride in its ability to provide customers with the most up-to-date technology more quickly than its competitors that still rely on slower indirect distribution channels. Dell has a major presence on the internet, having launched dell. com in 1994. By 1997, Dell was generating $1 million daily in online sales – the first company to achieve this mark. At dell. com, customers can put together their own computer system, order it online, and track its flow from manufacturing to shipping. We will write a custom essay sample on Dell computer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dell also offers its premier. dell. com Web pages, allowing business and institutional customers to conduct online business. Currently, Dell receives about two billion page requests per quarter, covering 81 country sites, 28 languages and dialects, and in 26 different currencies. The Computer Industry The market for personal computers has been growing rapidly for several years with little end in sight. As of the end of the year 2000, approximately 120 million PCs were sold worldwide. Projections for the next five years of industry sales are as shown below: Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Market Size (in millions) 136 152 168 184 200 Competition The PC industry has four major competitors: IBM, Dell, Compaq, and Hewlett-Packard (HP). All four make and sell competitive mid-range performance PCs, with the typical configuration for home or small business use costing approximately $1000. Dell’s variable costs per unit total about $800, and it is believed that competitors face a similar variable cost structure. The Executive would be priced competitively, at about the same price level of $1000. A recent study of the home/small-business PC market found that most customers considered two important non-price attributes when selecting a PC, flexibility and performance. Flexibility refers in this situation to a PC’s ability to run several different kinds of software, to be easily connected to printers and other peripherals, suitability for business as well as educational or game use, and so forth. Performance, by contrast, referred to speed of internet connection and internal calculations, support of the highest-end software programs, and reliability and accuracy of calculations (the study was done soon after the infamous Pentium â€Å"bug† was found, which caused a very small percentage of numerical calculations to be slightly wrong). Using familiar customer survey methods, the consultants conducting the study found the perceived positions of each of the four major brands on the two key non-price attributes. In the same survey, customer preferences were also gathered, and these were used to identify â€Å"ideal brands† and assess the number and size of customer benefit segments in the marketplace. Three segments were identified. Segment 1 (about 20% of the market) prefers highly flexible PCs, Segment 2 (about 50% of the market) likes  high-performance machines, and Segment 3 (about 30% of the market) values a combination of the two attributes. The results of the study are summarized below. Attribute 1 (Performance) Attribute 2 (Flexibility) Size of Segment Relative to Market Ideal Brands by Segment Segment 1 -0. 5 3 0. 2 Segment 2 2 -1 0. 5 Segment 3 1. 5 1. 5 0. 3 Brand Positions Dell 1 -1 IBM 2 -1. 5 HP 1 3 Compaq 0. 5 0. 5 Dell’s Marketing Budget As its product line has expanded and competition has continued to be fierce, Dell has allocated significant budgets to both advertising and distribution. Considering first its distribution policies, Dell uses two principal channels. First is the lower-end channel, used to target PC users who need simple, stand-alone solutions to their PC needs. These users include a large number of both home users and small businesses, and are primarily targeted through superstores and discount clubs as well as through on-line shopping. Users with more complex needs are targeted via specialty computer stores that can provide more high-touch customer solutions. This target group also comprises both home and business customers. If Dell is to launch its new Executive PC, the extensive, multiple distribution channel arrangement is expected to cost in the order of $500 million yearly. The advertising budget is similarly in the range of about $500 million as extensive consumer advertising across multiple media and vehicles is complemented with substantial trade advertising to all dealer sizes and types. In preparation for a financial analysis, Dell’s consultants developed the following set of estimates regarding the impacts of the advertising and distributional expenditures on Executive PC sales. Note: in this durable-goods context, certain terms need to be redefined carefully. â€Å"Switching† refers to a current non-Dell user switching to a Dell Executive PC the next time he or she purchases a PC, and â€Å"repurchasing† refers to a current Dell user purchasing a Dell Executive. Note also that sales promotions such as coupons are irrelevant for this particular firm, so sales promotion budget should be left at zero and the â€Å"probability of trying a received sample† line should be ignored, as it has no effect on the calculations. Long-Run Trial Probability (F)  0. 7 Prob. of Trying a Received Sample (U) 0 Prob. of Switching to New Brand (Qkz) 0. 8 Prob. of Repurchasing New Brand (Qzz) 0. 8 Financial Evaluation of the Executive PC Dell wants to do a financial analysis of the Executive PC to assess the proposed new product’s value. Much of the information presented or calculated above can be used in making this assessment, though the consultant team had to estimate some additional figures with the help of top management. Estimates and managerial input useful for the financial analysis include the following: Fixed (indirect) production costs = $100,000,000 yearly. Corporate overheads (exclusive of RD) charged to the new product = $100,000,000 yearly. RD to be charged to the new product: 2% of dollar sales, beginning in Year 1. Cannibalization: negligible. Project abandonment: negligible. Tax rate: 34%, with no applicable tax credits. Cost of capital: 15%. Working capital: Cash as percent of sales: 10%. Inventory as percent of sales: 10%. Accounts Receivable as percent of sales: 15%. Working capital recovery in Year 5: Percent of cash: 100%. Percent of inventory: 80%. Percent of accounts receivable: 100%. Investment in production facilities: one-time-only $100,000,000 charge in Year 0 (now), depreciated over five years using the straight line method. Dell Computer Discussion Questions 1. According to the PERCEPTOR model, what are the positions of Dell and its competitors in the product space defined by the two most important attributes? How do your positions, and competitive positions, relate to the ideal brand positions of the segments? Which of the brands are well positioned in this market, in your opinion? What are the projected market shares for Dell and its competitors based on this model? 2. What marketing mix (advertising and distribution) will you recommend? Use ASSESSOR to allocate the marketing budget and develop a market share estimate. Use the initial proposed budgets for yearly advertising and distribution, and assess how much market share is affected if these budgets are changed (keeping the total amount expended the same as Dell considers this to be an absolute ceiling on marketing expense). How do the market share estimates obtained by PERCEPTOR and ASSESSOR compare? To answer this question, use the information provided in the case, together with the following additional information obtained from the consultants: FOR THE ADVERTISING RESPONSE FUNCTION Reference Budget: $200,000,000 Minimum Share: 5. 0% Maximum Share: 90. 0% Exponent: 1. 3 FOR THE DISTRIBUTION RESPONSE FUNCTION Reference Budget: $200,000,000 Minimum Share: 0. 0% Maximum Share: 90. 0% Exponent: 0. 8 3. Using the FINANCIAL worksheet, do a five-year projection for Dell’s Executive PC using market shares obtained from PERCEPTOR or ASSESSOR. Assume the market share projected for Year 1 by PERCEPTOR or ASSESSOR is maintained through Year 5. Hint: When using the FINANCIAL worksheet, make your entries of unit sales in thousands of units, and dollar figures in thousands of dollars. That is, to enter 30 million units, type â€Å"30000,† or to enter indirect costs of $100,000,000, enter â€Å"100000. † This minimizes the number of zeroes in the spreadsheet and facilitates interpretation. Caution: Add back the zeroes when obtaining results. So if your NPV shows â€Å"$2,000,000,† it really means $2 billion!  4. Suppose Compaq repositions positively on the performance attribute at the end of year 2. Go back and recalculate market shares for the four brands, and use this market share estimate for years 2 through 5 to recalculate your five-year projection using the FINANCIAL worksheet. How much is Dell affected by this repositioning by Compaq? What steps could Dell take now to protect its position? Explain. 5. Considering all of the above information, should Dell launch the new Executive PC? Explain why or why not.

The Arguments For And Against The Uses Of Recombinant DNA Technology Essay Example

The Arguments For And Against The Uses Of Recombinant DNA Technology Paper Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the 1970s initiated the development and progress of recombinant DNA technology. Today, genetic engineering plays a very important role, not only in scientific research, but also in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The objectives of recombinant DNA technology include identifying genes, isolating genes, modifying genes, and re-expressing genes in other hosts or organisms. These steps permit scientists and clinicians to identify new genes and the proteins they encode, to correct endogenous genetic defects, and to manufacture large quantities of specific gene products such as hormones, vaccines, and other biological agents of medical interest. The latest field of medicine to benefit from the advantages of recombinant DNA technology is reproductive endocrinology. Genetic engineering produces proteins that offer advantages over proteins isolated from other biological sources. We will write a custom essay sample on The Arguments For And Against The Uses Of Recombinant DNA Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Arguments For And Against The Uses Of Recombinant DNA Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Arguments For And Against The Uses Of Recombinant DNA Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These advantages may include: * High purity this means that the bad genes will be filtered out so that the genes are efficient to do what they are required to do * High specific activity This means that the recombinant DNA can be used to accurately specify in certain areas and the genes, which carry out certain tasks, can specify in certain areas. * Steady Supply once the recombinant DNA is formed the genes can constantly reproduce causing a constant supply of the gene, which is required to do the task required. * Batch to batch consistency With recombinant DNA the same gene can be produced over and over again meaning that the same gene can be constantly produced and will be identical to the gene before. Recombinant DNA technology is not only an important tool in scientific research, but has also resulted in enormous progress in the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases and genetic disorders in many areas of medicine. Genetic engineering has permitted: Identification of mutations People may have been tested for the presence of mutated proteins that may be involved in the progression of such things as breast cancer. Diagnosis of affected and carrier states of hereditary diseases Types of tests can be carried out to find if people are carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene, the Huntingtons disease gene and many other health threatening genes. Mapping of human genes on chromosomes Scientists can look at which part of the chromosomes produces certain mutations and diseases. Transferring genes form one organism to another People who suffer from many diseases such as cancer may now benefit from the ways in which gene therapy has progressed over several years by research going on to explore ways of recombinant DNA technology. Isolation and alteration of genes Once genes are altered, the protein will become more functional and of more use. Isolation of large quantities of pure protein The amount of recombinant products has grown dramatically over the last few years, with the use of insulin. Growth hormone and several others which can be used to produce high purity, and batch-to-batch consistency proteins. Many people all over the world suffer from a lack of sugar in their body. Bovine and porcine insulin was used which was very similar to human insulin but then it was realised that many people produced anti bodies against this insulin which neutralised its actions. Another factor was that people had to constantly inject them selves for the rest of their lives with this insulin to keep them alive. Then came research in to inserting the insulin gene into a suitable vector in the human. This would cause the E. coli bacteria cell, to produce an insulin which is chemically identical to its naturally produced counterpart. This is an example of how recombinant DNA can be used to help people who have medical problems. With this system the human is producing a protein inside of them which will provide them constantly with insulin meaning that they dont need to constantly take injections. This way is not only saving the person with this defect time but will also make them physically and mentally more confident as they will know that every thing they do that the insulin will still be being produced inside their body to keep the level of sugar inside them at a suitable level. It means that a person suffering form this defect can play sport and do what everyone else does without worrying that they may need to take and injection soon as their sugar level could be low. There are many worries of people with low sugar levels, as they always have to be keeping track of when their next injection must be taken and when they need to eat to keep their sugar level up. Another example of when recombinant DNA is used is with the Growth hormone. Many people have this problem either hypo secretion of the growth hormone, which produces stunted growth in childhood, hyper secretion which leads to gigantism in childhood or hyper secretion in of the growth hormone leads to acromegaly in adults. It was found that using recombinant DNA technology these problems could be overcome with humans. Although being a great method of helping with theses problems people started wanting to use this technique on their children just because they wanted taller or shorted kids. I these cases the children had no problems at all but the parents were not happy with the height of their children at the moment. This brings in a new aspect to look at to do with recombinant DNA technology. Although what I have written about above sounds really great because due to this new method many problems can be solved, many people may misuse this recombinant DNA. Where would be the limit be to say who can get this treatment and who cant. Who will say if a person can get the treatment or not. Although the recombinant DNA seems the solution to many of our problems, the consequences have to be looked at first and for people to say why should some people be allowed to change and others not and in time to come when more is discovered who will have control over what happens. People will have the power to change that they are in a genetic sense and nobody will be able to stop them. People will no longer be what they were supposed to be but just a genetically modified human being. Where could a limit be drawn to say only certain things can be done using recombinant DNA and can only be used by certain people. Although it is a wonderful solution to a lot of disease it is also a way of changing the human gene and as time goes on the main question will always be when do we stop. Maybe one day everybody will be a genetically modifies human being and their will no longer exist the human being as we know it today. At the end of the day someone must decide if this process is going to carry on and if the answer is yes how far until the line is drawn.

Apple Paper Information

Apple Paper Information Apple Paper Information Founded in 1975 initially to sell personal computers, Apple, Inc. is now among the world’s most recognizable and successful multinational corporations. Apple is the world’s second largest information technology company and third largest mobile phone producer (Wikipedia, 2014, para. 3). Apple’s enormous success is evidence of the drive and tenacity of its founders Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, Steve Wozniak. The highly revered Steve Jobs succumbed to cancer in 2011 but is still regarded for his wisdom, leadership, innovation, and insight. The company designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers. Apple’s well branded product line is led by the coveted iPhone which is an internet supported smartphone that merges mobile phone capabilities, a wireless internet device and iPod into one handheld unit. Also popular is the iPad computer tablet which can also be used for emailing, playing music, photo graphy, videography, gaming, and social networking. Apple’s media player is the iPod which is a portable device which serves as a media library and plays both audio and audiovisual files. The iPod uses the Apple owned iTunes software application for categorizing, downloading, and playing digital files for multiple Apple products. The Mac personal computer was Apple’s first product which is beneficial for personal and business use. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. Founded in 1975 initially to sell personal computers, Apple, Inc. is now among the world’s most recognizable and successful multinational corporations. Apple is the world’s second largest information technology company and third largest mobile phone producer. The company designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers. Apple’s well branded product line is led by the coveted iPhone which is an internet supported smartph one that merges mobile phone capabilities, a wireless internet device and iPod into one handheld unit. Also popular is the iPad computer tablet which can also be used for emailing, playing music, photography, videography, gaming, and social networking. Apple’s media player is the iPod which is a portable device which serves as a media library and plays both audio and audiovisual files. The iPod uses the Apple owned iTunes software application for categorizing, downloading, and playing digital files for multiple Apple products. The Mac personal computer was Apple’s first product which is beneficial for personal and business use. The company’s success is evidence of the drive and tenacity of its founders Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, Steve Wozniak. The highly revered Steve Jobs succumbed to cancer in 2011 but is still regarded for his wisdom, leadership, innovation, and insight. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers. Its best-known hardware products are the Mac line of computers, the iPod media player, the iPhone smartphone, and the iPad tablet computer. Its online services include iCloud, iTunes Store, and App Store. Apple's consumer software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media browser, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976, to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977, and was renamed as Apple Inc. on January 9, 2007, to reflect its shifted focus towards consumer electronics. Apple is the world's second-largest information technology company by revenue after Samsung Electronics, and the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia.[5] Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world